What are the best techniques for catching salmon in rivers?
There are several effective techniques for catching salmon in rivers, depending on the conditions and time of year. Here are some of the most popular and productive methods:
Drift Fishing
Drift fishing involves allowing your bait or lure to naturally drift with the current through pools and runs where salmon hold. The key is to keep your offering near the bottom where the fish are. Use enough weight to bounce the bait along the bottom, but not so much that it constantly snags. Cast slightly upriver at a 45 degree angle and let the current carry your line down. As it drifts, slowly reel in any slack to maintain a fairly tight line. When you reach the end of the drift, reel in and repeat the process.
Typical drift fishing gear includes:
- 8-9 foot rod rated for 15-30 lb line
- Bait casting or spinning reel
- 20-25 lb main line for chinook, 10-15 lb for coho/pinks
- 24-48" leader
- Snap swivel to attach weight
- Yarn balls, roe, or other bait on a single hook
Back-Bouncing
Back-bouncing or back-trolling is an effective technique for fishing deeper holes and slots from a boat. A heavy cannon ball sinker (8-16 oz) is attached to a 3-way swivel, with a 2-5 foot leader to a lure or bait. The rig is lowered until the weight hits bottom, then the boat is slowly backed downstream, lifting the weight off the bottom every few seconds to move it along. This keeps the bait in the strike zone and covers a lot of water. When a fish grabs the bait, it pulls the rod tip down and you reel in the slack to set the hook.
Bobber/Float Fishing
Suspending bait like roe or yarn balls under a float is a popular technique, especially in slower moving water. A sliding float like a Cheater is slid up the main line, followed by a bead and then the bobber stop. This allows you to easily adjust the depth. 18-48" below the float, tie on a leader with an egg loop snell knot. Bait up and cast into likely holding water, letting the float drift naturally with the current. When a salmon takes the bait, the float will dunk under and you sweep the rod to the side to set the hook.
Spinners & Spoons
Casting and retrieving spinners and spoons is an active, visual technique. Proven lures like Blue Fox, Vibrax, and Mepps spinners in sizes 2-4 work well, as do 1/4 - 3/4 oz Krocodile spoons. Cast slightly downstream and across, allowing the current to swing the lure into the shore in an arc. Retrieve slowly as you raise your rod tip. Strikes often occur at the end of the swing. Experiment with colors like chartreuse, orange, pink and purple.
The key to success is getting your presentation in front of the fish. Polarized glasses help spot salmon and identify likely holding lies. Work each run or pool thoroughly and methodically. If fishing is slow, don't be afraid to change locations. Salmon often pod up in groups, so if you find one, more are likely close by. With some persistence and patience, these river techniques will help you hook into more salmon this season.
When is the best time of year to fish for salmon?
The best time to fish for salmon varies depending on the species, location, and type of fishing you plan to do. In general, salmon fishing seasons are dictated by the annual spawning migrations that the fish make from the ocean back to their natal rivers. Here's a breakdown of the peak times for different salmon species:
Chinook (King) Salmon
Chinook have the longest and most varied timing of the salmon species. In Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, there are two main runs:
- Spring Chinook: These fish start entering rivers in the spring, typically peaking in May-June. The Columbia River and Willamette River are famous for their springer runs.
- Fall Chinook: The fall run is larger and more widespread, with fish returning to rivers from July through November. Peak fishing is usually in August-September. Key rivers include the Sacramento, Klamath, Rogue, Columbia, and coastal rivers of Washington and Oregon.
Coho (Silver) Salmon
Coho salmon are known for their aggressive strikes and acrobatic fights. They typically start migrating into rivers in late summer and early fall. Prime time is usually from August to late October, with early to mid September being the peak in many areas. The Rogue River in Oregon, Russian River in Alaska, and many coastal rivers in Washington and Oregon offer excellent coho fishing.
Sockeye (Red) Salmon
Sockeye are the tastiest and most prized of the salmon. They migrate into rivers to spawn from June through August, with peak fishing usually occurring in July. The Kenai River and Copper River in Alaska are famous for their sockeye runs, as are the Columbia River and Fraser River in British Columbia.
Pink (Humpy) Salmon
Pink salmon are the smallest but most abundant of the Pacific salmon. They return to spawn on a two-year cycle, with the largest runs occurring in odd years. Pinks start migrating into rivers in mid-July, with the run peaking in August. They are popular targets in the rivers of Puget Sound, British Columbia, and Alaska.
Atlantic Salmon
The Atlantic salmon fishing season varies by country and region. In the northeastern United States, the peak fishing is usually from mid-May through June, with a smaller run in the fall. In Canada, the prime time is from June through early September. Rivers like the Miramichi, Restigouche, and Grand Cascapedia are famous for their Atlantic salmon fishing.
It's important to note that salmon runs can vary significantly from year to year based on ocean conditions, drought, rainfall, and other factors. To get the most up-to-date information on run timing and strength, check with local fishing reports, guides, and fishery agencies. Regulations and seasons also vary by area, so be sure to review the rules before planning your trip. By targeting peak migration periods, you'll greatly increase your odds of success.
What gear and equipment do I need for salmon fishing?
The gear and equipment you need for salmon fishing will depend on the specific type of fishing you plan to do and the location. However, here is a general list of essential items for most salmon fishing situations:
Rods and Reels
- For river fishing: 8-10 foot rod rated for 15-30 lb line, paired with a baitcasting or spinning reel
- For trolling: 9-10 foot mooching or trolling rod rated for 20-40 lb line, paired with a level-wind reel
- For fly fishing: 9-10 foot 8-10 weight fly rod, paired with a matching fly reel
Line and Leader
- Main line: 20-40 lb test monofilament or braided line
- Leader: 15-30 lb test fluorocarbon or monofilament, 18-48 inches long
- Tippet (for fly fishing): 12-20 lb test fluorocarbon
Terminal Tackle
- Hooks: Size 1/0 to 5/0 octopus hooks, or size 1-2 single egg hooks
- Weights: Sliding sinkers, pencil lead, or cannon ball sinkers (1/2 oz to 16 oz)
- Swivels and snaps: Size 1-3 barrel swivels and snap swivels
- Beads: 8-12mm plastic or glass beads for making bait rigs
- Floats/bobbers: Sliding floats like Cheaters or fixed floats like Thill or Slip Bobbers
Lures and Bait
- Spinners: Blue Fox, Rooster Tail, or Mepps in sizes 3-5
- Spoons: Krocodile, Kastmaster, or Little Cleo in 1/4 to 3/4 oz sizes
- Plugs: Kwikfish (K14-K16), FlatFish, or Mag Lip in 3.5-5 inch sizes
- Flies: Egg sucking leeches, woolly buggers, or streamers in sizes 2-4
- Bait: Cured salmon roe, sand shrimp, or herring
Accessories
- Waders and wading boots for river fishing
- Landing net with a long handle and soft, knotless mesh
- Polarized sunglasses to spot fish and cut glare
- Pliers or hemostats for removing hooks
- Knife for cutting line and cleaning fish
- Headlamp for low light conditions
- Fishing vest or chest pack for carrying gear
- Rod holder for boats
- Cooler with ice for storing catch
This may seem like a lot of gear, but having the right equipment will make your salmon fishing trips much more enjoyable and successful. You can start with the basics and gradually add to your collection as you gain more experience and specialize in different techniques. Remember to always check the local regulations for any restrictions on gear, such as hook size or bait limits. With the proper tools and a bit of knowledge, you'll be well on your way to landing some impressive salmon.
Where are the top locations in the world to fish for salmon?
Salmon are found in cold, nutrient-rich waters across the Northern Hemisphere. Here are some of the top destinations around the world for salmon fishing:
Alaska, United States
Alaska is often considered the salmon fishing capital of the world. It is home to all five species of Pacific salmon (Chinook, Coho, Sockeye, Pink, and Chum), as well as steelhead. Some top locations include:
- Kenai River: Famous for its massive Chinook and prolific Sockeye runs
- Nushagak River: One of the best rivers for all five species of salmon
- Kodiak Island: Offers excellent ocean and river fishing for salmon
British Columbia, Canada
British Columbia is known for its pristine rivers and abundant salmon runs. Some notable destinations are:
- Fraser River: The largest salmon producing river in the world, famous for its Chinook, Coho, and Sockeye
- Skeena River: Renowned for its large steelhead and all five species of salmon
- Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands): Offers world-class ocean fishing for Chinook and Coho
Washington and Oregon, United States
The rivers of Washington and Oregon offer excellent salmon fishing opportunities, particularly for Chinook and Coho. Top spots include:
- Columbia River: The largest river in the Pacific Northwest, known for its Chinook, Coho, and Sockeye runs
- Rogue River: A premier destination for Chinook and Coho in Oregon
- Olympic Peninsula Rivers: Offer great fishing for Chinook, Coho, and steelhead
Russia
Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula is a remote and pristine salmon fishing destination. It is home to some of the largest wild salmon runs in the world, including all six species of Pacific salmon. The region is known for its trophy Rainbow trout fishing as well.
Norway
Norway is famous for its Atlantic salmon fishing. The country has over 400 salmon rivers, with the majority located in the central and northern regions. Some top rivers include:
- Gaula River: Known for its large Atlantic salmon, with fish over 40 pounds caught each year
- Alta River: One of the most famous salmon rivers in the world, with a long history of sport fishing
- Namsen River: Another top river for large Atlantic salmon, with a season that runs from June to August
Iceland
Iceland is another top destination for Atlantic salmon fishing. The country has over 100 salmon rivers, many of which are known for their crystal-clear water and stunning scenery. Some notable rivers are:
- Midfjardara River: One of Iceland's top salmon rivers, known for its high catch rates and scenic beauty
- Laxa in Adaldalur River: Another highly productive river, with a mix of grilse and salmon pools
- Hofsa River: Known for its large average size of salmon and beautiful surroundings
Scotland, United Kingdom
Scotland is the birthplace of salmon fishing and home to some of the most iconic salmon rivers in the world. The country has over 400 salmon rivers, with the majority located in the Highlands and Islands regions. Some top rivers include:
- River Tweed: The most famous salmon river in Scotland, known for its fall run of large salmon
- River Tay: The longest river in Scotland, offering excellent spring and summer salmon fishing
- River Spey: Another iconic river, known for its fast-flowing pools and challenging fishing conditions
Japan
Japan is often overlooked as a salmon fishing destination, but the country has a thriving salmon fishery. The northern island of Hokkaido is home to several species of Pacific salmon, including Chum, Pink, and Cherry salmon. Some top rivers include:
- Sarufutsu River: Known for its large runs of Chum and Pink salmon in the fall
- Teshio River: Another top destination for Chum and Pink salmon, as well as sea-run Dolly Varden trout
These are just a few of the many incredible salmon fishing destinations around the world. Each location offers its own unique challenges and rewards, from the remote wilderness of Alaska to the historic rivers of Scotland. Whether you're a seasoned angler or a first-time fisherman, there's a salmon fishing adventure out there for you. Just be sure to do your research, obtain the necessary licenses and permits, and follow local regulations to ensure a safe and sustainable fishing experience.
How do I properly handle and release a salmon if practicing catch and release?
Proper catch and release techniques are critical to ensure the survival of the fish. Here are the key steps:
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Minimize the fight time. Use appropriate gear to land the fish quickly and avoid exhausting it.
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Keep the fish in the water as much as possible. Use a rubber net or cradle the fish gently with wet hands. Never squeeze the fish or hold it by the gills.
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Remove the hook carefully with pliers or hemostats. If the fish is hooked deeply, cut the line as close to the hook as possible.
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To revive an exhausted fish, hold it upright underwater. Gently cradle it and move it back and forth so water flows over the gills. Release when it begins to struggle and swim normally.
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Minimize air exposure. If you must remove the fish from the water for a quick photo, do so for less than 10 seconds. Never hold the fish vertically by the jaw or gills.
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When releasing, point the fish into the current and let it swim out of your hands. Watch to make sure it stays upright and swims away strongly.
What are the different species of salmon and how do I identify them?
There are five main species of Pacific salmon:
- Chinook (King) Salmon:
- Spots on back and both lobes of tail
- Black mouth and gums
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Maroon to olive brown when spawning
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Coho (Silver) Salmon:
- Spots on back and upper lobe of tail only
- Black mouth, white gums
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Males develop kype (hooked jaw) when spawning
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Sockeye (Red) Salmon:
- No distinct spots on back or tail
- White mouth and gums
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Bright red bodies, green heads when spawning
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Pink (Humpy) Salmon:
- Large oval spots on back and tail
- White mouth, black gums
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Males develop hump when spawning
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Chum (Dog) Salmon:
- No spots, calico bands on sides
- White mouth and gums
- Males develop large teeth when spawning
What are the regulations and limits I need to be aware of when salmon fishing?
Regulations vary by location but some general rules:
- You must have a valid fishing license and salmon stamp
- There are daily and annual catch limits for each species
- Certain gear like barbed hooks, treble hooks or bait may be restricted
- Fishing seasons, sanctuaries and closures protect salmon during spawning
- You must stop fishing once you've retained your daily limit
- Filleting, de-heading or de-tailing salmon may be prohibited until you reach your final destination
Always check the specific regulations for where you will be fishing for allowed gear, seasons, limits and catch and release requirements. Regulations are strictly enforced to protect salmon populations.
In summary, proper fish handling, species identification and following regulations are all critical elements of responsible salmon fishing. By using appropriate gear, minimizing air exposure, and releasing fish carefully, you can enjoy the excitement of the catch while still promoting the conservation of these iconic fish for generations to come. Always know the rules for your fishing location and be able to identify the salmon you catch. With some practice and attention to detail, you can become an ethical salmon angler.
